Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. The recording could be played back immediately. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a " telephone repeater" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it could both record and reproduce sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. 2.8 78 rpm releases in the microgroove era.The large cover (and inner sleeves) are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, especially in the case of 12-inch discs. The phrase broken record refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch) (although they were designed in millimeters ), the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) at which they are played ( 8 + 1⁄ 3, 16 + 2⁄ 3, 33 + 1⁄ 3, 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP, 12-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 rpm SP, 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm EP, 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, 33 + 1⁄ 3 or 45 rpm) their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.) and the number of audio channels ( mono, stereo, quad, etc.). According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain. On February 6, 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant. Only two producers of lacquers ( acetate discs or master discs) remain: Apollo Masters in California, and MDC in Japan. The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines. Īs of 2017, 48 record pressing facilities exist worldwide, 18 in the US and 30 in other countries. Likewise, sales in the UK increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence as a format for rock music in the early 21st century-9.2 million records were sold in the US in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. They were also listened to by a growing number of audiophiles. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by disc jockeys (DJs), especially in dance music genres. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. The phonograph record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. Starting in the 1940s polyvinyl chloride became common, hence the name "vinyl". At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac, with earlier records having a fine abrasive filler mixed in. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Problems playing this file? See media help.Ī phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English), or simply a record, is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.
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